The Camera

The Camera obscura effect is Latin for "dark room". The hole acted like a lens, focusing and projecting light onto the wall of the dark chamber.

Isaac Newton and Christian Huygens perfected the understanding of optics and the process of making high quality glass lenses.

He added film & that's what  made the first real camera.

Light still passes through the lens & into the camera & it exposes the film.

They use digital film.

Auto mode controls the flash & exposure. It's labeled on the camera as "auto" or "A" .
Program mode is just point and shoot. You have control of flash & other camera settings.

Portrait mode is when you blur out the background, & it captures the main image.

Sport mode is used to freeze motion & capture something in action.

If the subject is somewhat off center , the auto-focus may be fooled. It's also helpful for Faster camera response, more control over focus, & it encourages better composition.

Disabled flash.
You would use it when you don't want a flash.

Auto flash.
It is fired automatically if the camera thinks it needs more light. 

The picture will be washed out.

The picture will be too dark.

It represents a relative change in the brightness of light.

1.

2?

Longer shutter speeds = more light   
Shorter shutter speeds = less light

It reduces brightness.

Smaller F-stops numbers = larger openings

larger openings = more light